The North American planetree

Species name: Platanus x acerifolia

Common name: London planetree

Location: Western University campus

As promised, this blog is about our version ("our" referring to the North American meaning of the term) of the planetree. Ironically enough, it's called the London planetree not after London, Ontario, but after London, England. A half-British, half-American name for a European species. Just when you thought common names couldn't get any more perplexing... :)

The planetree is a hybrid, which makes its native range essentially a moot point. But for the purpose of a species status diagram, it's a non-native species since the hybrid is rumoured to have been first discovered in Spain in the 1700s, but was first officially described by a Scot in 1789 as a variety of the Oriental sycamore, or Platanus orientalis. It was elevated to the status of species in 1805 by Willdenow (Platanus acerifolia), but it is now widely believed to be a hybrid of the American sycamore and the Oriental sycamore (sometimes called the Chinese sycamore or even the Oriental plane). It looks like an exact intermediary of the two species: has leaves with lobes not nearly as shallow as the American sycamore but more shallow than the Chinese sycamore, fruits in pairs instead of singly like the American sycamore (the Chinese sycamore usually has 3-6 fruits in a group), and light green inner bark unlike the white bark of the American sycamore and the much darker green bark of the Chinese sycamore. I love it when hybrids are a 50/50 blend of the parent species! It makes life so easy.

So why would you want to plant a hybrid species, when the American sycamore is a native species and looks pretty darn similar? Well, for one, the planetree is much more tolerant of urban conditions like pollution and root compaction, as well as being much more drought-tolerant and so doesn't require the riparian habitat that the American sycamore does. It also doesn't get nearly as large, which is often beneficial in cities (you don't exactly want a 5 meter in circumference tree growing between a sidewalk and a road). It is also much, much less susceptible to a fungal disease called anthracnose, which is quite common in American sycamores. So far it sounds like a pretty good compromise! Unfortunately, all good things must come to an end. The planetree actually has a really nasty side to it in the spring: it is highly allergenic. The new growth of the tree produces tiny hairs on the surface of the leaves, the leaf buds, the branches, and the fruits. As the tree sheds these hairs while it matures, they blow off in the air and (usually) end up up your nose. Here, they attach to just about anything they can get ahold of, and trigger a severe immune response (this isn't just your typical pollen-allergy runny nose). Some people have even reported a skin response that looks like a second-degree burn as a result of coming into contact with many of these hairs (say, for example, grabbing onto a young branch in the spring) and the resulting rash is a hyper-immune response. This effect tends to decrease as the tree ages, but if you plant a young tree, be warned. Now that I know this, you won't catch me coming anywhere near one of these trees in the spring. I have really sensitive skin, and with my luck I'd be the one that ends up with giant pustules all over my hands and arms! The leaves are also difficult to deal with in urban settings as the leaves produced on mature branches are very thick and leathery. If left to rest where they fall, they can take years to start to decompose (unlike a few months like most leaves, which is why they make great compost starters and mulch). This means they are problematic to deal with in the fall clean-up to prepare streets for winter.

Planetrees are sometimes planted for lumber and logging purposes because of the very attractive wood (it's a light yellow wood with red flecks). In the lumber industry it's often referred to as Lacewood, and is used in wood trim or decorative panels in fine furniture.

Sycamores: nature's ghosts in the woods

Species name: Platanus occidentalis

Common name: American sycamore, American planetree

Location: Western University campus

The American sycamore (just "sycamore" from here on out since I live in North America) is native to eastern North America and has quite an extensive range throughout the Carolinian forest (from Ontario south to Texas and Georgia and everywhere in between). Depending on the environment, it can be an absolutely enormous tree, reaching heights of 40 or 50 meters (sycamores are some of the easiest trees to spot from the edge of a forest, especially during the winter, because they reach above the rest of the forest canopy) and diameters as large as 4 meters. The largest sycamore ever recorded was in 1770 recorded by the one and only George Washington near the junction of the Kanawha and Ohio rivers; he recorded in his journal the tree was approximately 14 meters in circumference! Go measure out a piece of string 14 meters in length and go wrap it around the biggest tree you can find. I bet your "incredibly large tree" will be tiny in comparison to your string! This tree, for obvious reasons since trees don't live forever, is no longer standing but it's not uncommon for a sycamore to be 6 or 7 meters in circumference if rooted in deep soil.

Sycamores are spectacular trees to see, but especially during the winter. Some people call them the "ghosts of the forest", but not just because of the colour of their bark. The new growth of the tree is almost pure white, and that scaly brown bark develops near the base of the tree as the tree ages. The white bark is actually iridescent; when the moonlight shines on the forest and sycamores sway in the breeze, it almost looks like they're glowing and sparkling in the moonlight. It's pretty cool to see, but also a bit creepy. If you've ever had nightmares about sycamores coming to life and grabbing you off a trail while you're running from ghosts through the forest, this could be why! The brain does some mysterious things... :) The sycamore is an interesting study in the use of common names assigned to species, and how they differ with geography. If you're from North America, this tree, being in the genus Platanus, is a sycamore. If, however, you're in Europe (especially in Britain) trees in the genus Platanus are called planetrees. Seems simple enough. But the plot thickens. If you are calling a tree a "sycamore" in Europe, you're actually referring to a species of maple called Acer pseudoplatanus. And if you're referring to a planetree in North America, you're referring to the hybrid Platanus x acerifolia (to be profiled in the next blog). Ugh! Oh how I wish things were simpler...

So what's so special about sycamores? Well, they're relatively unique trees in that they're riparian or riverbank species, and at the same time they have incredibly weak root systems. How do I know that, without ever having seen a root system of a sycamore? Well...look at the trees. Next time you're walking along a stream or a river with sycamores growing, look at the shape of the trees. Chances are, none of them are straight up and down. This is because when the trees were young and growing along the bank of the river, the freeze-thaw (or extreme floods of the rainy season) cycles caused the damming of ice up against the trunk of the tree. The roots weren't strong enough to support the tree upright, so it started to lean the same direction that the ice was pushing. If you look at a mature sycamore, it still has the lean of the direction of the river or stream. Extreme flooding would do the same thing; it would wash away the soil near the base of the tree causing the trunk to shift, and lean the direction of water flow. If you see a sycamore growing out all by itself in a big farm field and it leans, chances are the farmer has reclaimed the land where the river or stream used to be and put pipes to drain away the water instead. That lone sycamore is the only remnant of the forest that used to be present.

There are two main uses of sycamore trees today. The first is as an ornamental wood for a very specific purpose: in butcher blocks. Many wooden cutting boards are also made out of sycamore wood. It is strong and very durable, with very coarse grain that shows a nice pattern when stained and sealed. The coarse grain makes it very difficult to work with, but is still sometimes used in constructing furniture. The other main use of the tree is as a biofuel crop, since initially it grows very quickly and accumulates a lot of carbon. The wood of the tree can be burned in an oxygen-poor environment to make charcoal, and then burned again for fuel. Not necessarily the cleanest method of energy generation, but certainly better than burning coal (and charcoal could be burned in many of the pre-existing coal plants, providing there was enough charcoal to make it worthwhile!).